diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9c456b5..331c056 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -52,6 +52,20 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
   restarts). Arbitrary `frankenphp`-block configuration is still
   possible via the stock `FRANKENPHP_CONFIG` env var.
 
+### Fixed
+- **Login flow responses are no longer cacheable** — the login page,
+  failed logins, redirects, and rate-limit/error pages now send strict
+  anti-caching headers (`Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache,
+  must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate, max-age=0, s-maxage=0` plus
+  `Pragma`, `Expires`, `Surrogate-Control`, and `Vary: *`), the login
+  form's `fetch()` bypasses the HTTP cache, and the example Caddyfile
+  guards every `forward_auth` block with matching `header_down` rules.
+  This prevents browsers — notably older Safari — from replaying a stale
+  pre-auth response on refresh (previously: log in successfully, refresh,
+  and land back on the login page). Successful (2xx) responses are
+  deliberately excluded: they are consumed by the proxy's `forward_auth`
+  check and never reach the browser.
+
 ## [1.0.0] — v1.0 Release
 
 ### Security
diff --git a/docs/Caddyfile b/docs/Caddyfile
index 92ce41e..2fe0a7a 100644
--- a/docs/Caddyfile
+++ b/docs/Caddyfile
@@ -1,9 +1,34 @@
+# preauth example Caddyfile
+
+# --- anti-caching guard for the login flow ---
+# The login page, failed logins, redirects, and rate-limit pages must never
+# be stored or replayed by a browser or intermediate cache. If they are,
+# an aggressive cache (notably older Safari) can resurrect a stale pre-auth
+# response — appearing to log a user back out after a refresh. preauth
+# sends these headers itself; mirroring them here with `header_down` keeps
+# the guarantee at the edge. Import this snippet inside every `forward_auth`
+# block:
+#
+#   forward_auth preauth { ...; import preauth_no_store }
+#
+# Note: 2xx auth responses are consumed by Caddy's forward_auth check and
+# never reach the browser, and the protected service's own responses are
+# not affected — so the cache headers of your services are left alone.
+(preauth_no_store) {
+	header_down Cache-Control "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate, max-age=0, s-maxage=0"
+	header_down Pragma "no-cache"
+	header_down Expires "0"
+	header_down Surrogate-Control "no-store"
+	header_down Vary "*"
+}
+
 # example of securing full service
 # TODO replace domain and service name and port
 service.example.com {
 	forward_auth preauth {
 		uri {uri}
 		copy_headers Remote-User
+		import preauth_no_store
 	}
 	reverse_proxy service-container:80
 }
@@ -16,6 +41,7 @@ protected.example.com {
 	forward_auth /secure/* preauth {
 		uri {uri}
 		copy_headers Remote-User
+		import preauth_no_store
 	}
 	reverse_proxy protected-service:9000
 }
@@ -39,6 +65,7 @@ git.example.com {
 	forward_auth preauth {
 		uri {uri}
 		copy_headers Remote-User
+		import preauth_no_store
 	}
 	reverse_proxy gitea:3000
 }
diff --git a/readme.md b/readme.md
index 58fa532..b3606cb 100644
--- a/readme.md
+++ b/readme.md
@@ -70,13 +70,24 @@ service.example.com {
     forward_auth preauth {
         uri {uri}
         copy_headers Remote-User
+
+        # keep the login flow out of browser/proxy caches
+        header_down Cache-Control "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate, max-age=0, s-maxage=0"
+        header_down Pragma "no-cache"
+        header_down Expires "0"
+        header_down Surrogate-Control "no-store"
+        header_down Vary "*"
     }
     reverse_proxy your-service:80
 }
 ```
 
 See `docs/Caddyfile` for more examples, including path-specific protection
-and central auth subdomain configuration.
+and central auth subdomain configuration. The `header_down` lines above are
+optional — preauth already sends these headers itself — but they guarantee
+at the edge that no part of the login flow is ever cached. (2xx auth
+responses are consumed by `forward_auth` and never reach the browser, so
+your service's own cache headers are unaffected.)
 
 ### 5. Generate backup codes (optional)
 
@@ -237,6 +248,14 @@ passes through a priority-ordered chain of listeners:
 - **Rate limiting**: Per-IP, compound sliding window, cannot be disabled
 - **Security headers**: CSP, X-Frame-Options, X-Content-Type-Options,
   Referrer-Policy, HSTS
+- **No cacheable login flow**: The login page, failed logins, redirects,
+  and rate-limit pages are sent with strict anti-caching headers
+  (`no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate, max-age=0,
+  s-maxage=0` plus `Pragma`, `Expires`, `Surrogate-Control`, and
+  `Vary: *`), and the login form's `fetch()` opts out of the HTTP cache.
+  Successful (2xx) responses are deliberately excluded — they are
+  consumed by the proxy's `forward_auth` check and never reach the
+  browser, so a protected service's own caching is not affected.
 
 ### Cache
 
diff --git a/src/Listener/SecurityHeadersListener.php b/src/Listener/SecurityHeadersListener.php
index b0dd34e..33aa058 100644
--- a/src/Listener/SecurityHeadersListener.php
+++ b/src/Listener/SecurityHeadersListener.php
@@ -63,5 +63,25 @@ final readonly class SecurityHeadersListener
 
         /* HSTS — enforce HTTPS for one year (app is designed for HTTPS behind a proxy) */
         $headers->set('Strict-Transport-Security', 'max-age=31536000');
+
+        /* Prevent any part of the login flow from being cached: the login
+         * page, failed logins, redirects, and rate-limit/error pages must
+         * never be stored or replayed by the browser or an intermediate
+         * cache — older Safari builds in particular may otherwise resurrect
+         * a stale pre-auth response, appearing to log the user out after a
+         * refresh or showing a previous session after logging in again.
+         *
+         * Only non-2xx responses are touched: the 2xx responses that grant
+         * access ("already authenticated" or public) are consumed by the
+         * reverse proxy's forward_auth check before reaching the browser,
+         * and the protected service's own cache headers must remain
+         * untouched. */
+        if (! $response->isSuccessful()) {
+            $headers->set('Cache-Control', 'no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate, max-age=0, s-maxage=0');
+            $headers->set('Pragma', 'no-cache');
+            $headers->set('Expires', '0');
+            $headers->set('Surrogate-Control', 'no-store');
+            $headers->set('Vary', '*');
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/templates/_script.html.twig b/templates/_script.html.twig
index 8c2a4ee..3258172 100644
--- a/templates/_script.html.twig
+++ b/templates/_script.html.twig
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ form.addEventListener('submit', (event) => {
     fetch(window.location.href, {
         method: 'GET',
         headers: { 'X-Preauth': data },
+        // never serve this request from, or store it in, the HTTP cache
+        cache: 'no-store',
     }).then((response) => {
         {% if env.debug > 2 -%}
             console.log(response);
@@ -28,7 +30,8 @@ form.addEventListener('submit', (event) => {
             {% if env.debug > 2 -%}
                 console.log('got redirect response');
             {% endif -%}
-            window.location.href = response.headers.get('Location');
+            // replace() keeps the login page out of history and the back-forward cache
+            window.location.replace(response.headers.get('Location'));
         } else if (response.headers.get('Content-Type')?.toLowerCase().includes('application/json') ?? false) {
             {# got json, update the page #}
             {% if env.debug > 2 -%}
diff --git a/tests/Functional/CacheControlFlowTest.php b/tests/Functional/CacheControlFlowTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ceeb507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Functional/CacheControlFlowTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace App\Tests\Functional;
+
+use OTPHP\TOTP;
+use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\KernelBrowser;
+use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Test\WebTestCase;
+use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
+
+/**
+ * End-to-end checks that the login flow carries strict anti-caching headers
+ * on everything the browser can see, while 2xx grants ("already
+ * authenticated" / public access) — which the reverse proxy consumes in its
+ * forward_auth check and never forwards to the browser — are left untouched.
+ */
+final class CacheControlFlowTest extends WebTestCase
+{
+    private const string TOTP_SECRET = 'JBSWY3DPEHPK3PXP';
+
+    protected static function createClient(array $options = [], array $server = []): KernelBrowser
+    {
+        $client = parent::createClient($options, $server);
+        $client->disableReboot();
+
+        return $client;
+    }
+
+    private function validTotpCode(): string
+    {
+        return TOTP::createFromSecret(self::TOTP_SECRET)->now();
+    }
+
+    private function encodePayload(array $data): string
+    {
+        $json = json_encode($data, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
+        return rtrim(strtr(base64_encode($json), '+/', '-_'), '=');
+    }
+
+    private function assertNotCacheable(Response $response): void
+    {
+        self::assertTrue($response->headers->hasCacheControlDirective('no-cache'));
+        self::assertTrue($response->headers->hasCacheControlDirective('no-store'));
+        self::assertTrue($response->headers->hasCacheControlDirective('must-revalidate'));
+        self::assertTrue($response->headers->hasCacheControlDirective('proxy-revalidate'));
+        self::assertSame('0', $response->headers->getCacheControlDirective('max-age'));
+        self::assertSame('0', $response->headers->getCacheControlDirective('s-maxage'));
+        self::assertSame('no-cache', $response->headers->get('Pragma'));
+        self::assertSame('0', $response->headers->get('Expires'));
+        self::assertSame('no-store', $response->headers->get('Surrogate-Control'));
+        self::assertSame('*', $response->headers->get('Vary'));
+    }
+
+    private function assertCacheable(Response $response): void
+    {
+        self::assertFalse($response->headers->hasCacheControlDirective('no-store'));
+        self::assertNull($response->headers->get('Pragma'));
+        self::assertNull($response->headers->get('Surrogate-Control'));
+    }
+
+    /* ── login flow: nothing may be cached ────────────────────────────── */
+
+    public function testLoginPageIsNotCacheable(): void
+    {
+        $client = static::createClient();
+        $client->request('GET', '/');
+
+        $response = $client->getResponse();
+        self::assertSame(401, $response->getStatusCode());
+        $this->assertNotCacheable($response);
+    }
+
+    public function testLoginPageFetchBypassesHttpCache(): void
+    {
+        $client = static::createClient();
+        $client->request('GET', '/');
+
+        $content = $client->getResponse()->getContent();
+        // the inline login script must opt out of the HTTP cache and must
+        // not leave the login page in history / the back-forward cache
+        self::assertStringContainsString("cache: 'no-store'", $content);
+        self::assertStringContainsString('window.location.replace(', $content);
+    }
+
+    public function testFailedLoginIsNotCacheable(): void
+    {
+        $client = static::createClient();
+
+        $crawler = $client->request('GET', '/');
+        $nonce = $crawler->filter('input[name="nonce"]')->attr('value');
+
+        $client->request('GET', '/', [], [], [
+            'HTTP_X-Preauth' => $this->encodePayload([
+                'id' => 'alice', 'token' => '000000', 'nonce' => $nonce, 'json' => true,
+            ]),
+        ]);
+
+        $response = $client->getResponse();
+        self::assertSame(401, $response->getStatusCode());
+        $this->assertNotCacheable($response);
+    }
+
+    public function testSuccessfulLoginRedirectIsNotCacheable(): void
+    {
+        $client = static::createClient();
+
+        $crawler = $client->request('GET', '/');
+        $nonce = $crawler->filter('input[name="nonce"]')->attr('value');
+
+        $client->request('GET', '/', [], [], [
+            'HTTP_X-Preauth' => $this->encodePayload([
+                'id' => 'alice', 'token' => $this->validTotpCode(), 'nonce' => $nonce, 'json' => true,
+            ]),
+        ]);
+
+        $response = $client->getResponse();
+        self::assertSame(303, $response->getStatusCode());
+        $this->assertNotCacheable($response);
+        // the redirect target must still be present
+        self::assertTrue($response->headers->has('Location'));
+    }
+
+    public function testLoginPageOnAnotherHostIsNotCacheable(): void
+    {
+        // the listener applies to every main response, not only the primary
+        // host; subdomain redirection itself is covered by InterceptListener
+        // unit tests
+        $client = static::createClient();
+        $client->request('GET', 'https://other.example.com/');
+
+        $response = $client->getResponse();
+        self::assertSame(401, $response->getStatusCode());
+        $this->assertNotCacheable($response);
+    }
+
+    public function testRateLimitedResponseIsNotCacheable(): void
+    {
+        $client = static::createClient();
+
+        // the login limiter is raised for tests, so exercise the public
+        // limiter instead (test config: PUBLIC_BURST_COUNT=3)
+        for ($i = 0; $i < 4; $i++) {
+            $client->request('GET', '/public/repo');
+        }
+
+        $response = $client->getResponse();
+        self::assertSame(429, $response->getStatusCode());
+        $this->assertNotCacheable($response);
+    }
+
+    /* ── 2xx grants: must stay untouched ──────────────────────────────── */
+
+    public function testAuthenticatedAccessResponseIsNotModifiedByAntiCachingHeaders(): void
+    {
+        $client = static::createClient();
+
+        // login and keep the cookie
+        $crawler = $client->request('GET', '/');
+        $nonce = $crawler->filter('input[name="nonce"]')->attr('value');
+        $client->request('GET', '/', [], [], [
+            'HTTP_X-Preauth' => $this->encodePayload([
+                'id' => 'dave', 'token' => $this->validTotpCode(), 'nonce' => $nonce, 'json' => true,
+            ]),
+        ]);
+        self::assertSame(303, $client->getResponse()->getStatusCode());
+
+        // subsequent authenticated requests return a 200 "grant" response
+        $client->request('GET', 'https://localhost/dashboard');
+
+        $response = $client->getResponse();
+        self::assertSame(200, $response->getStatusCode());
+        self::assertSame('dave', $response->headers->get('Remote-User'));
+        // 2xx responses are consumed by forward_auth and never reach the
+        // browser — they must not carry the login-flow anti-caching headers
+        $this->assertCacheable($response);
+    }
+
+    public function testPublicAccessResponseIsNotModifiedByAntiCachingHeaders(): void
+    {
+        $client = static::createClient();
+        $client->request('GET', '/public/repo');
+
+        $response = $client->getResponse();
+        self::assertSame(200, $response->getStatusCode());
+        $this->assertCacheable($response);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Listener/SecurityHeadersListenerTest.php b/tests/Unit/Listener/SecurityHeadersListenerTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1175b5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/Listener/SecurityHeadersListenerTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace App\Tests\Unit\Listener;
+
+use App\Listener\SecurityHeadersListener;
+use App\Service\DomainInterface;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
+use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
+use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Event\ResponseEvent;
+use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernelInterface;
+
+final class SecurityHeadersListenerTest extends TestCase
+{
+    private function makeListener(?string $authSubdomain = null): SecurityHeadersListener
+    {
+        $domainManager = $this->createStub(DomainInterface::class);
+        $domainManager->method('getAuthSubdomain')->willReturn($authSubdomain);
+
+        return new SecurityHeadersListener($domainManager);
+    }
+
+    private function makeEvent(
+        Response $response,
+        ?Request $request = null,
+        int $requestType = HttpKernelInterface::MAIN_REQUEST,
+    ): ResponseEvent {
+        return new ResponseEvent(
+            $this->createStub(HttpKernelInterface::class),
+            $request ?? Request::create('https://example.com/', 'GET'),
+            $requestType,
+            $response,
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The emitted Cache-Control is normalized by Symfony (directives are
+     * reordered), so assert on directives rather than the exact string.
+     */
+    private function assertNoStoreHeaders(Response $response): void
+    {
+        self::assertTrue($response->headers->hasCacheControlDirective('no-cache'));
+        self::assertTrue($response->headers->hasCacheControlDirective('no-store'));
+        self::assertTrue($response->headers->hasCacheControlDirective('must-revalidate'));
+        self::assertTrue($response->headers->hasCacheControlDirective('proxy-revalidate'));
+        self::assertSame('0', $response->headers->getCacheControlDirective('max-age'));
+        self::assertSame('0', $response->headers->getCacheControlDirective('s-maxage'));
+        self::assertSame('no-cache', $response->headers->get('Pragma'));
+        self::assertSame('0', $response->headers->get('Expires'));
+        self::assertSame('no-store', $response->headers->get('Surrogate-Control'));
+        self::assertSame('*', $response->headers->get('Vary'));
+    }
+
+    private function assertNoAntiCachingHeaders(Response $response): void
+    {
+        self::assertFalse($response->headers->hasCacheControlDirective('no-store'));
+        self::assertNull($response->headers->get('Pragma'));
+        self::assertNull($response->headers->get('Expires'));
+        self::assertNull($response->headers->get('Surrogate-Control'));
+        self::assertNull($response->headers->get('Vary'));
+    }
+
+    /* ── non-2xx: the login flow must not be cacheable ────────────────── */
+
+    public function testLoginPageResponseIsNotCacheable(): void
+    {
+        $listener = $this->makeListener();
+        $response = new Response('<form>login</form>', Response::HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED);
+        $event = $this->makeEvent($response);
+
+        $listener->onKernelResponse($event);
+
+        $this->assertNoStoreHeaders($response);
+    }
+
+    public function testRedirectResponseIsNotCacheable(): void
+    {
+        $listener = $this->makeListener();
+        $response = new Response('', Response::HTTP_SEE_OTHER, [
+            'Location' => 'https://example.com/dashboard',
+        ]);
+        $event = $this->makeEvent($response);
+
+        $listener->onKernelResponse($event);
+
+        $this->assertNoStoreHeaders($response);
+        // the redirect target must survive
+        self::assertSame('https://example.com/dashboard', $response->headers->get('Location'));
+    }
+
+    public function testRateLimitedResponseIsNotCacheable(): void
+    {
+        $listener = $this->makeListener();
+        $response = new Response('<h1>teapot</h1>', Response::HTTP_I_AM_A_TEAPOT);
+        $event = $this->makeEvent($response);
+
+        $listener->onKernelResponse($event);
+
+        $this->assertNoStoreHeaders($response);
+    }
+
+    public function testServerErrorResponseIsNotCacheable(): void
+    {
+        $listener = $this->makeListener();
+        $response = new Response('error', Response::HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+        $event = $this->makeEvent($response);
+
+        $listener->onKernelResponse($event);
+
+        $this->assertNoStoreHeaders($response);
+    }
+
+    /* ── 2xx: authenticated / public grants stay untouched ────────────── */
+
+    public function testSuccessfulAuthenticatedResponseIsNotTouched(): void
+    {
+        $listener = $this->makeListener();
+        $response = new Response('hi alice', Response::HTTP_OK, [
+            'Remote-User' => 'alice',
+            'Content-Type' => 'text/plain',
+        ]);
+        $event = $this->makeEvent($response);
+
+        $listener->onKernelResponse($event);
+
+        // "already authenticated" responses are consumed by the reverse
+        // proxy's forward_auth check and never reach the browser, so they
+        // must not carry the anti-caching headers (or they could leak onto
+        // the protected service's own responses in custom configurations)
+        $this->assertNoAntiCachingHeaders($response);
+        self::assertSame('alice', $response->headers->get('Remote-User'));
+    }
+
+    public function testSuccessfulResponseKeepsItsOwnCacheHeaders(): void
+    {
+        $listener = $this->makeListener();
+        $response = new Response('ok', Response::HTTP_OK, [
+            'Cache-Control' => 'public, max-age=60',
+        ]);
+        $event = $this->makeEvent($response);
+
+        $listener->onKernelResponse($event);
+
+        // the service's caching decisions are its own business;
+        // Symfony normalizes directive order, so assert semantically
+        self::assertTrue($response->headers->hasCacheControlDirective('public'));
+        self::assertSame('60', $response->headers->getCacheControlDirective('max-age'));
+        self::assertFalse($response->headers->hasCacheControlDirective('no-store'));
+    }
+
+    /* ── sub-requests ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+    public function testSubRequestsAreSkipped(): void
+    {
+        $listener = $this->makeListener();
+        $response = new Response('login', Response::HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED);
+        $event = $this->makeEvent($response, null, HttpKernelInterface::SUB_REQUEST);
+
+        $listener->onKernelResponse($event);
+
+        self::assertFalse($response->headers->hasCacheControlDirective('no-store'));
+        self::assertNull($response->headers->get('X-Frame-Options'));
+    }
+
+    /* ── the pre-existing security headers ────────────────────────────── */
+
+    public function testSecurityHeadersAreApplied(): void
+    {
+        $listener = $this->makeListener();
+        $response = new Response('<form>login</form>', Response::HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED);
+        $event = $this->makeEvent($response);
+
+        $listener->onKernelResponse($event);
+
+        self::assertSame('nosniff', $response->headers->get('X-Content-Type-Options'));
+        self::assertSame('DENY', $response->headers->get('X-Frame-Options'));
+        self::assertSame('strict-origin-when-cross-origin', $response->headers->get('Referrer-Policy'));
+        self::assertSame('max-age=31536000', $response->headers->get('Strict-Transport-Security'));
+    }
+
+    public function testCspAllowsSameOriginConnectWhenInlineScriptIsUsed(): void
+    {
+        // not on the auth subdomain: the login form uses an inline fetch()
+        $listener = $this->makeListener('auth.example.com');
+        $response = new Response('login', Response::HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED);
+        $event = $this->makeEvent($response);
+
+        $listener->onKernelResponse($event);
+
+        self::assertStringContainsString("connect-src 'self';", $response->headers->get('Content-Security-Policy'));
+    }
+
+    public function testCspDoesNotAllowConnectWhenOnAuthSubdomain(): void
+    {
+        // on the auth subdomain the form POSTs normally — no inline fetch
+        $listener = $this->makeListener('auth.example.com');
+        $response = new Response('login', Response::HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED);
+        $request = Request::create('https://auth.example.com/', 'GET');
+        $event = $this->makeEvent($response, $request);
+
+        $listener->onKernelResponse($event);
+
+        self::assertStringNotContainsString('connect-src', $response->headers->get('Content-Security-Policy'));
+    }
+}